Files
mercury/doc/Mmakefile
Mark Brown 16fdab788b Overhaul of the Syntax chapter of the reference manual
There are three main aims for this change:

1. Don't rely so much on users having knowledge of Prolog (ideally we
wouldn't require it at all, but this change probably doesn't fully achieve
that). Present the information more linearly, i.e., without requiring
so many forward references.

2. Make important information less likely to be overlooked. As it stands,
we give a lot of semantics in the Syntax chapter where users wouldn't
expect to find it (they're more likely to just skim over such a chapter).

3. Remove some inconsistencies in our descriptions and use of terminology,
and try to remove ambiguities.

Changes to terminology
----------------------

These are aimed at being more consistent, as well as dividing things up
into concepts that we need to refer to later on.

- A term is now a core term or a special term. The latter are for list
syntax, etc. Avoid the use of "is parsed as", the significance of which
is not clear, and instead define an equivalence relation via a term
normalization procedure.

- Define "functor" and "principal functor". Don't use "functor" to talk
about terms: the functor is defined as the name/arity pair. Also give
some synonyms we use for functor.

- Core terms are divided into variables, constants, and functor terms.
Functor terms are names on their own or names with arguments
(i.e., "functor terms" are those terms that have meaningful functors).

- "Higher-order terms" are now called "apply terms", since they aren't
necessarily higher-order themselves, and because that is a semantic
concept anyway.

- Data-terms are now referred to as expressions.

- Refer to "field access" rather than "record syntax". It's not made clear
that these are referring to the same feature, so it's better to stick to
one term (at least until full definitions are given).

Changes to document structure
-----------------------------

The Syntax chapter as a whole has been split into two chapters,
Syntax and Clauses. The new structure is as follows:

Syntax

- Additional sections are added for comments and line number directives.

- The Tokens section is split into token types (so that, e.g., variables
can be looked up quickly).

- "Operators" covers everything about operator syntax, not just builtin
operators.

- "Terms" covers the material previously in that section. It adds a summary
in the form of grammar rules (but makes it clear all the information is
also in the prose), and a term normalization procedure that is _not_
written in pseudo-Mercury. The grammar is there for people who are likely
to skip the prose but less likely to skip a grammar, and the prose is there
because that's the best way to describe things.

- "Items" covers the material previously in "Items", "Declarations",
"Facts", and "Rules".

Clauses

- Added an overview of Mercury semantics.

- "Goals" covers the same material as before, but I have rearranged the
order of the goals so as to avoid forward references, and to put more
commonly used goals earlier.

- "Expressions" covers the material previously in "Data-terms" and its
subsections. The expressions are (mostly) collected into one table, but
field access expressions are kept separate as they require a bit more
explanation. I've used an anchor on this separate bit, however, so maybe
it should be in a section that follows Expressions (i.e., Expressions
should say "see next section for details" or whatever).

- "State variables", "Variable scoping", "Implicit quantifiaction", and
"Elimination of double negation" are kept largely as is.

- "Definite Clause Grammars" is added which collects all the information
relating to DCGs.

Other changes
-------------

- Names now include sequences of graphic chars and a single semicolon,
which is what our parser actually allows.

- Use hyphens in meta-variables rather than underscore, per the texinfo
guidelines.

- Explain that operators are a syntactic concept and you need to import
a module to get, e.g., arithmetic operations. Point out the user defined
operator in the prose rather than in a footnote. And fix the formatting
of that table!

- Try to use a more consistent writing style.
2022-09-12 23:37:26 +10:00

439 lines
12 KiB
Makefile

#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------#
# vim: ts=8 sw=8 noexpandtab ft=make
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------#
# Copyright (C) 1996-2007, 2009-2012 The University of Melbourne.
# Copyright (C) 2013-2017, 2019-2020, 2022 The Mercury team.
# This file may only be copied under the terms of the GNU General
# Public License - see the file COPYING in the Mercury distribution.
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------#
# Mmakefile - Mmake file for the Mercury documentation.
MAIN_TARGET=all
MERCURY_DIR=..
include $(MERCURY_DIR)/Mmake.common
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------#
# Man pages are built automatically, by the `make_manpage' program,
# which runs the program with `--help' and then munges the result.
# This variable specifies which programs to create man pages for.
MANPAGE_PROGS = c2init mmc mgnuc ml mmake mdb mprof \
mprof_merge_runs mtags mercury_config
mmc.1: ../compiler/options.m
mprof.1: ../profiler/options.m
# This variable specifies the (top-level) TexInfo files.
# The mapping of these names to `.info' file names is not regular,
# so we also need to specify the names of the `.info' files.
TEXINFO_FILES = user_guide reference_manual library faq transition_guide
TEXINFO_INFO_FILES = mercury_ref.info mercury_user_guide.info \
mercury_library.info mercury_faq.info mercury_trans_guide.info
# The following variables specify which programs should be used to
# to format the documentation.
TEXI2HTML="$(MAKEINFO)" --html --number-sections --no-split
TEXI2HTML_SPLIT="$(MAKEINFO)" --html --number-sections
ifeq ("$(MAKEINFO)","")
HTML=warn_no_html
else
HTML=html
endif
ifeq ("$(TEXI2DVI)","")
DVI=warn_no_dvi
PS=warn_no_ps
else
DVI=dvi
ifeq ("$(DVIPS)","")
PS=warn_no_ps
else
PS=ps
endif
endif
ifeq ("$(PDFTEX)","")
PDF=warn_no_pdf
else
PDF=pdf
endif
ifeq ("$(MAKEINFO)","")
INFOPAGES=warn_no_info
MDB_DOC=warn_no_mdb_doc
else
ifeq ("$(INFO)","")
MDB_DOC=warn_no_mdb_doc
else
MDB_DOC=mdb_doc mdb_command_list mdb_command_test.inp
endif
INFOPAGES=info
endif
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------#
.SUFFIXES: .in .texi_pp .texi .dvi .dvi_log .ps .pdf .pdf_log .text
%.dvi: %.texi_pp
-"$(TEXI2DVI)" $< < /dev/null > $*.dvi_log
%.ps: %.dvi
"$(DVIPS)" -f < $< > $@
%.pdf: %.texi_pp %.dvi
"$(PDFTEX)" $< < /dev/null > $*.pdf_log
%.text: %.texi_pp
"$(MAKEINFO)" --no-headers -o $@ $<
M_ENV = \
MERCURY_PROFILER=../profiler/mercury_profile \
MERCURY_COMPILER=../compiler/mercury_compile \
MERCURY_MKINIT=../util/mkinit \
MCFLAGS=--no-mercury-stdlib-dir
%.1: ../scripts/% make_manpage
$(M_ENV) $< --help 2>&1 | \
awk -f make_manpage -v date=$(shell date "+%Y-%m-%d") > $@
%.man: %.1
nroff -man $< > $@
# .help files just contain the output of running the command with `--help'.
# They are sometimes useful for debugging "make_manpage".
%.help: ../scripts/%
$(M_ENV) $< --help > $@ 2>&1
SED_CMD = sed -e "s/<VERSION>/$(VERSION)/g" < $< > $@
%.texi_pp: %.texi ../VERSION
$(SED_CMD)
mercury.html: mercury.html.in ../VERSION
$(SED_CMD)
mercury.info: mercury.info.in ../VERSION
$(SED_CMD)
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------#
# Currently `mmake all' does not build the PostScript, PDF or
# plain-text versions of the documentation. Nor does it build the
# formatted versions of the man pages.
# But it might make sense to add them.
.PHONY: all
all: $(INFOPAGES) $(DVI) $(HTML) manpages $(MDB_DOC)
#all: ps pdf text formatted_manpages
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------#
.PHONY: dvi
dvi: $(TEXINFO_FILES:%=%.dvi)
.PHONY: warn_no_dvi
warn_no_dvi:
# Warning: Unable to build .dvi files.
# This is probably due to a missing `texi2dvi'.
.PHONY: info
info: mercury.info $(TEXINFO_INFO_FILES)
.PHONY: warn_no_info
warn_no_info:
# Warning: Unable to build .info files.
# This is probably due to a missing `makeinfo'.
.PHONY: html
html: mercury.html $(TEXINFO_INFO_FILES:%.info=%.html)
.PHONY: warn_no_html
warn_no_html:
# Warning: Unable to build .html files.
# This is probably due to a missing `perl'.
.PHONY: ps
ps: $(TEXINFO_FILES:%=%.ps)
.PHONY: warn_no_ps
warn_no_ps:
# Warning: Unable to build .ps files.
# This is probably due to a missing `dvips' or `text2dvi'.
.PHONY: pdf
pdf: $(TEXINFO_FILES:%=%.pdf)
.PHONY: warn_no_pdf
warn_no_pdf:
# Warning: Unable to build .pdf files.
# This is probably due to a missing `pdftex'.
.PHONY: text
text: $(TEXINFO_FILES:%=%.text)
.PHONY: split_html
split_html: mercury.html $(TEXINFO_INFO_FILES:%.info=%/index.html)
.PHONY: manpages
manpages: $(MANPAGE_PROGS:%=%.1)
.PHONY: formatted_manpages
formatted_manpages: $(MANPAGE_PROGS:%=%.man)
.PHONY: help
help: $(MANPAGE_PROGS:%=%.help)
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------#
mercury_user_guide.info: user_guide.texi_pp
"$(MAKEINFO)" $<
mercury_ref.info: reference_manual.texi_pp
"$(MAKEINFO)" $<
mercury_trans_guide.info: transition_guide.texi_pp
"$(MAKEINFO)" $<
mercury_faq.info: faq.texi_pp
"$(MAKEINFO)" $<
mercury_library.info: library.texi_pp
"$(MAKEINFO)" $<
mercury_user_guide.html: user_guide.texi_pp
$(TEXI2HTML) $<
mercury_ref.html: reference_manual.texi_pp
$(TEXI2HTML) $<
mercury_trans_guide.html: transition_guide.texi_pp
$(TEXI2HTML) $<
mercury_faq.html: faq.texi_pp
$(TEXI2HTML) $<
mercury_library.html: library.texi_pp
$(TEXI2HTML) $<
mercury_user_guide/index.html: user_guide.texi_pp
$(TEXI2HTML_SPLIT) $<
mercury_ref/index.html: reference_manual.texi_pp
$(TEXI2HTML_SPLIT) --split=chapter --no-headers $<
mercury_trans_guide/index.html: transition_guide.texi_pp
$(TEXI2HTML_SPLIT) $<
mercury_faq/index.html: faq.texi_pp
$(TEXI2HTML_SPLIT) $<
mercury_library/index.html: library.texi_pp
$(TEXI2HTML_SPLIT) $<
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------#
.PHONY: warn_no_mdb_doc
warn_no_mdb_doc:
# Warning: Unable to build mdb documentation.
# This is probably due to a missing `makeinfo' or `info'.
cp mdb_doc_stub.txt mdb_doc
mdb_doc: generate_mdb_doc mercury_user_guide.info mdb_categories
./generate_mdb_doc
mdb_command_list: generate_mdb_command_list mdb_doc
./generate_mdb_command_list < mdb_doc > mdb_command_list
-@if test `wc -l < mdb_command_list` -lt 100; then \
echo "There was a problem when creating mdb_command_list"; \
exit 1; \
fi
mdb_command_test.inp: generate_mdb_command_test mdb_doc
./generate_mdb_command_test < mdb_doc > mdb_command_test.inp
-@if test `wc -l < mdb_command_test.inp` -lt 100; then \
echo "There was a problem when creating mdb_command_test.inp"; \
exit 1; \
fi
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------#
# The following rules automatically build the library documentation
# by extracting the module interfaces from the library source code.
# Note that some modules are just implementation details of the library,
# so they are not documented.
library-menu.texi_pp: ../VERSION $(LIBRARY_DIR)/*.m
{ \
echo ""; \
for filename in `cat $(LIBRARY_DIR)/MODULES_DOC`; do \
echo "* `basename $$filename .m`::"; \
done; \
} > library-menu.texi_pp
library-chapters.texi_pp: ../VERSION $(LIBRARY_DIR)/*.m
for filename in `cat $(LIBRARY_DIR)/MODULES_DOC`; do \
file="`basename $$filename .m`"; \
echo "@node $$file"; \
echo "@chapter $$file"; \
echo "@example"; \
sed -n -e '/:- implementation/q' \
-e '/NOTE_TO_IMPLEMENTORS/d' \
-e 's/^%----*----% *$$/%--------------------------------------------------%/' \
-e 's/@/@@/g' \
-e 's/{/@{/g' \
-e 's/}/@}/g' \
-e 'p' \
$(LIBRARY_DIR)/"$$filename"; \
echo "@end example"; \
echo ""; \
done > library-chapters.texi_pp
library.dvi_log library_toc.html library_1.html mercury_library.info \
mercury_library.html mercury_library/index.html \
library.dvi: \
library-menu.texi_pp library-chapters.texi_pp
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------#
.PHONY: dist
dist: tar
.PHONY: tar
tar: doc.text.tar.gz doc.ps.tar.gz
doc.text.tar.gz: text
tar -cf - *.text | gzip > doc.text.tar.gz
doc.ps.tar.gz: ps
tar -cf - *.ps | gzip > doc.ps.tar.gz
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------#
# Currently `mmake all' does not build the PostScript or plain-text versions
# of the documentation. If they are added they should be installed here.
.PHONY: install
install: install_info install_html install_dvi install_manpages \
install_mdb_doc
# install_text install_ps
.PHONY: install_dirs
install_dirs:
-[ -d $(INSTALL_INFO_DIR) ] || mkdir -p $(INSTALL_INFO_DIR)
-[ -d $(INSTALL_HTML_DIR) ] || mkdir -p $(INSTALL_HTML_DIR)
-[ -d $(INSTALL_DVI_DIR) ] || mkdir -p $(INSTALL_DVI_DIR)
-[ -d $(INSTALL_TEXT_DIR) ] || mkdir -p $(INSTALL_TEXT_DIR)
-[ -d $(INSTALL_PS_DIR) ] || mkdir -p $(INSTALL_PS_DIR)
-[ -d $(INSTALL_PDF_DIR) ] || mkdir -p $(INSTALL_PDF_DIR)
-[ -d $(INSTALL_MAN_DIR)/man1 ] || \
mkdir -p $(INSTALL_MAN_DIR)/man1
-[ -d $(INSTALL_MDB_DOC_DIR) ] || mkdir -p $(INSTALL_MDB_DOC_DIR)
.PHONY: install_info
install_info: $(INFOPAGES) install_dirs
-cp *.info *.info-* $(INSTALL_INFO_DIR)
# Update the .../info/dir file.
-if [ -x "$(INSTALL_INFO)" ]; then \
$(INSTALL_INFO) $(INSTALL_INFO_DIR)/mercury.info; \
fi
.PHONY: warn_no_install_info
warn_no_install_info:
# Warning: Unable to install .info files.
# This is probably due to a missing `install-info'
.PHONY: install_html
install_html: $(HTML) install_dirs
-cp *.html $(INSTALL_HTML_DIR)
.PHONY: install_dvi
install_dvi: $(DVI) install_dirs
# It is possible that there are no .dvi files here,
# if the TEXI2DVI command generates PDF directly.
-cp *.dvi $(INSTALL_DVI_DIR)
.PHONY: install_text
install_text: text install_dirs
cp *.txt $(INSTALL_TEXT_DIR)
.PHONY: install_ps
install_ps: $(PS) install_dirs
-cp *.ps $(INSTALL_PS_DIR)
.PHONY: install_pdf
install_pdf: $(PDF) install_dirs
-cp *.pdf $(INSTALL_PDF_DIR)
.PHONY: install_manpages
install_manpages: manpages install_dirs
cp *.1 $(INSTALL_MAN_DIR)/man1
.PHONY: install_mdb_doc
install_mdb_doc: $(MDB_DOC) install_dirs
-cp mdb_doc $(INSTALL_MDB_DOC_DIR)
# The uninstall rule here only removes the info files; the others
# are removed by the top-level uninstall rule.
.PHONY: uninstall
uninstall:
-cd $(INSTALL_INFO_DIR); rm -f mercury*.info*
-cd $(INSTALL_MAN_DIR)/man1; rm -f $(MANPAGE_PROGS:%=%.1)
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------#
# This install is for installing the Mercury webpage, which goes to
# a different directory (supplied by the environment variable
# INSTALL_WEBPAGE_DIR).
.PHONY: install_webpage
install_webpage: library-chapters.texi_pp split_html ps pdf
-[ -d $(INSTALL_WEBPAGE_DIR) ] || mkdir -p $(INSTALL_WEBPAGE_DIR)
( \
. ../VERSION; \
if [ "$$VERSION" = DEV ]; then \
echo "Set the version before you build the website"; \
exit 1; \
fi; \
)
cp *.ps $(INSTALL_WEBPAGE_DIR)
cp *.pdf $(INSTALL_WEBPAGE_DIR)
for file in $(INSTALL_WEBPAGE_DIR)/*.ps ; do \
gzip -f -9 $$file ; \
done
cp -r $(TEXINFO_INFO_FILES:%.info=%) $(INSTALL_WEBPAGE_DIR)
webpage.tar.gz:
rm -rf webpage
mmake INSTALL_WEBPAGE_DIR=webpage install_webpage
tar -zcf webpage.tar.gz webpage/
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------#
clean_local: clean_texi clean_manpages clean_webpage
.PHONY: distclean
distclean: clean_local clean_text_files
realclean_local: distclean
.PHONY: clean_texi
clean_texi:
rm -f *.aux *.cp *.cps *.fn *.ky *.log *.pg *.toc *.tp *.vr
rm -f *.dvi *.dvi_log *.pdf *.pdf_log *.ps *.ps_log *.text
rm -f library*.html user_guide*.html reference_manual*.html
rm -f faq*.html transition_guide*.html
rm -f mercury.html mercury.info
rm -f mercury_*.info*
rm -f mercury_faq.html mercury_library.html mercury_ref.html \
mercury_trans_guide.html mercury_user_guide.html
rm -rf $(TEXINFO_INFO_FILES:%.info=%)
.PHONY: clean_text_files
clean_text_files:
rm -f mdb_command_list mdb_command_test.inp mdb_doc
rm -f library-menu.texi library-chapters.texi *.texi_pp
.PHONY: clean_manpages
clean_manpages:
rm -f *.1
.PHONY: clean_webpage
clean_webpage:
rm -rf webpage
rm -f webpage.tar.gz
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------#