\documentclass[a4paper,11pt]{article}
\usepackage{zed-csp}
\usepackage{a4wide}

\begin{document}

\begin{center}
{\Large\bf Petri Nets}\\
{\large A Formal Specification in Z} \\
{by Philip Dart}
\end{center}

This document should be read together with a complete description such as
\emph{Petri Net Theory and the Modeling of Systems},
James L. Peterson, Prentice Hall, 1981.

\subsection*{Basic definitions}

\subsubsection*{Structure}

\begin{zed}
[PLACE, TRANSITION]							\\
\end{zed}

%\newcommand{\pnets}{Petri\_net\_structure}
\newcommand{\pnets}{PNetStruct}
\newcommand{\ipo}{\mathrel{\mbox{\sf input-place-of}}}
\newcommand{\opo}{\mathrel{\mbox{\sf output-place-of}}}
%%SYNTAX inrel \ipo
%%SYNTAX inrel \opo

\begin{schema}{\pnets}
	P: \finset PLACE						\\
	T: \finset TRANSITION						\\
	I, O: TRANSITION \pfun \bag PLACE				\\
\also
	\_ \ipo \_, \_ \opo \_: PLACE \rel TRANSITION			\\
\where
	\dom I = \dom O = T						\\
	\bigcup (\dom \limg \ran I \rimg) \subseteq P			\\
	\bigcup (\dom \limg \ran O \rimg) \subseteq P			\\
\also
	\forall p: P; t: T @ p \ipo t \iff p \inbag I(t)		\\
	\forall p: P; t: T @ p \opo t \iff p \inbag O(t)		\\
\end{schema}

\subsubsection*{Markings and State Space}

\begin{zed}
MARKING == \bag PLACE							\\
\end{zed}

%\newcommand{\pnet}{Petri\_Net}
\newcommand{\pnet}{PNet}
%\newcommand{\mpnet}{Marked\_Petri\_Net}
\newcommand{\mpnet}{MPNet}
%\newcommand{\enabled}{\mathrel{\mbox{\sf enabled}}}
% %%prerel \enabled
\newcommand{\irf}{\mathrel{\mbox{\sf immediately\_reachable\_from}}}
%%%SYNTAX inrel \irf

\begin{schema}{\pnet}
	\pnets								\\
	M: \power MARKING						\\
	enabled: MARKING \rel TRANSITION				\\
	next\_state: MARKING \cross TRANSITION \pfun MARKING		\\
 	immediately\_reachable: MARKING \rel MARKING			\\
 	reachable: MARKING \rel MARKING					\\
	potentially\_fireable: MARKING \rel TRANSITION			\\
	live: MARKING \rel TRANSITION					\\
\where
	M = \{~m: MARKING | \dom m \subseteq P~\}			\\
	enabled = \{~m: M; t: T | I(t) \subbageq m~\}			\\
	next\_state = (\lambda m: M; t: T | t \in enabled\limg\{~m~\}\rimg @ 
		m \uminus I(t) \uplus O(t))				\\
	immediately\_reachable = \{~m, m': M | 
		(\exists t: T @ m' = next\_state(m, t))~\}		\\
	reachable = immediately\_reachable \star			\\
	potentially\_fireable = reachable \comp enabled			\\
	live = \{~m: M; t: T |
		(\forall m': reachable\limg\{~m~\}\rimg @
			t \in potentially\_fireable\limg\{~m'~\}\rimg)~\}\\
\end{schema}

\newpage
\subsubsection*{Execution}

\begin{schema}{\mpnet}
	C: \pnet							\\
	m: MARKING							\\
	enabled: \power TRANSITION					\\
\where
	m \in C.M							\\
	enabled = C.enabled\limg\{~m~\}\rimg				\\
\end{schema}

\begin{schema}{\Delta \mpnet}
	\mpnet								\\
	\mpnet'								\\
\where
	C' = C								\\
\end{schema}

\begin{schema}{Firing}
	\Delta \mpnet							\\
	t?: TRANSITION
\where
	t? \in enabled							\\
	m' = C.next\_state(m, t?)					\\
\end{schema}

\newcommand{\deadlocked}{\mathrel{\mbox{\sf deadlocked}}}
%%SYNTAX prerel \deadlocked

\begin{axdef}
	\deadlocked \_: \power \mpnet					\\
\where
	\forall M: \mpnet @~\deadlocked M \iff M.enabled = \emptyset	\\
\end{axdef}

%\newcommand{\ipnet}{Initialised\_Petri\_Net}
\newcommand{\ipnet}{IPNet}

\begin{schema}{\ipnet}
	\mpnet[i/m]							\\
	reachability\_set: \power MARKING				\\
	live: \power TRANSITION						\\
	ksafe, kbounded: \nat_1 \fun \power PLACE			\\
	safe: \power PLACE						\\
\where
	reachability\_set = C.reachable\limg \{~i~\} \rimg		\\
	live = C.live\limg \{~i~\} \rimg				\\
	\forall k: \nat_1 @ ksafe(k) = kbounded(k) =
		\{~p: C.P | (\forall m: reachability\_set @ 
			m \bcount p \leq k)~\}				\\
	safe = ksafe(1)							\\
\end{schema}

\newpage
\subsection*{Analysis}

\subsubsection*{Safeness and boundedness}

\newcommand{\safe}{\mathrel{\sf safe}}
%%SYNTAX prerel \safe
\newcommand{\ksafe}{\mathrel{\mbox{\sf safe}}}
%%SYNTAX inrel \ksafe
\newcommand{\kbounded}{\mathrel{\mbox{\sf bounded}}}
%%SYNTAX inrel \kbounded
\newcommand{\bounded}{\mathrel{\sf bounded}}
%%SYNTAX prerel \bounded

\begin{axdef}
	\_ \ksafe \_, \_ \kbounded \_: \nat_1 \rel \ipnet		\\
	\safe \_, \bounded \_: \power \ipnet				\\
\where
	\forall k: \nat_1; N: \ipnet @~k \ksafe N \iff k \kbounded N \iff
		N.ksafe(k) = N.C.P					\\
	\forall N: \ipnet @~\safe N \iff 1 \ksafe N			\\
	\forall N: \ipnet @~\bounded N \iff
		(\exists k: \nat_1 @ k \kbounded N)     		\\
\end{axdef}

\subsubsection*{Conservation}

\newcommand{\ssum}{\Sigma}
\newcommand{\vprod}{\odot}
%%SYNTAX infun 4 \vprod

\begin{gendef}[X]
	\ssum: \bag X \fun \num						\\
	\_ \vprod \_: \bag X \cross \bag X \fun \bag X		\\
\where
%	\forall m: X \fun \num @ \ssum m = (\# \circ items \inv)(m)	\\
	\forall m: \bag X @ \ssum m = (\# \circ items \inv)(m)		\\
	\forall w, m: \bag X @ w \vprod m = 
		\{~p: \dom m @ p \mapsto (w \bcount p * m \bcount p)~\} \\
\end{gendef}

\newcommand{\scons}{\mathrel{\mbox{\sf strictly-conservative}}}
%%SYNTAX prerel \scons
\newcommand{\conswrt}{\mathrel{\mbox{\sf conservative-with-respect-to}}}
%%SYNTAX inrel \conswrt
\newcommand{\cons}{\mathrel{\mbox{\sf conservative}}}
%%SYNTAX prerel \cons

\begin{axdef}
	\scons \_: \power \ipnet				\\
	\_ \conswrt \_: \ipnet \rel (PLACE \pfun \nat)	\\
	\cons \_: \power \ipnet				\\
\where
	\forall N: \ipnet @ \\
	\t1	\scons N \iff (\forall m: N.reachability\_set @
		\ssum m = \ssum N.i)					\\
\also
	\forall N: \ipnet; w: PLACE \pfun \nat | \dom w = N.C.P @ \\
	\t1	N \conswrt w \iff \\
	\t2		(\forall m: N.reachability\_set @
			\ssum (w \vprod m)  = \ssum (w \vprod N.i))	\\
\also
	\forall N: \ipnet @ \\
	\t1	\cons N \iff (\exists w: N.C.P \fun \nat_1 @ N \conswrt w) \\
\end{axdef}

\subsubsection*{Liveness}

\newcommand{\live}{\mathrel{\mbox{\sf live}}}
%%SYNTAX prerel \live

\begin{axdef}
	\live \_: \power \ipnet						\\
\where
	\forall N: \ipnet @~\live N \iff N.live = N.C.T			\\
\end{axdef}

\end{document}